Italy in times of protest and negative voting: An introduction

The classic heuristics of voting behaviour have been eroded overtime especially in well-established democracies. Ideology, party identification, and social class gradually replaced by short-period factors. In particular, the personalization has represented an innovative variable that significantly contributes to explain behaviour. Cross-pressures between candidate assessments issue preferences paved way diffusion protest voting, both against élite system. this respect, Italy represents a very interesting case from theoretical empirical point view considering presence parties important anti-system movements which surfed consolidate their positions. editors conceived special aiming at analysing measuring impact protest/negative 2016 2020, period voters’ discontent increased. Data presented different papers confirm, albeit under perspectives, relevance peculiar form political